|
Know Your Computer
Computer derived from the word to compute the mean count. Then Computer freely translated is a tool that can be counted. About calculators actually been around since ancient times. The ancient primitive people using fingers and toes to count the number of their cattle. Then, when the number of cattle increased, they used pebbles to count. Calculation tool is known for a long time called Abacus. In mainland China this tool has been used since 5000 BC. Along with the development of human reason, then created the first mechanical calculating machines in 1642 by a French physicist named Blaise Pascal. This machine can only do addition and subtraction calculations alone. Then in 1692 the engine was completed by G. Wilhelm Von Liebnitz, a German who add multiplication and division functions.
Along with these developments, several parties and then give another definition of the computer. Robert H. Computer definite Bissmer such as
# An electronic equipment capable of doing some tasks, namely to accept input, process input, and providing processing and storing the results (output)
According to Donald H. Sanders, the computer is
# Electronic calculator that quickly, can accept input and process them in accordance with existing programs (stored program) and generate output information.
Meanwhile, according to ANSI or American National Standrad Institute, a computer is
# A data processor that can perform calculations or logic operations quickly on a large scale.
The first computers used to calculate the U.S. Population Census in 1880 was made by Dr. computer. Herman Hollerith. This invention uses a computer system perforated cards (Punch Card) so that the calculation of the census could be completed within 3 years (which was completed earlier than in 10 years when manually). For a more comprehensive explanation, read the article that became part of the book or books that discuss the history of computers.
Many experts put forward a definition of a computer. But at least, the elements of a computer is the notion that there is a computer deal is an electronic device that can work automatically, using application programs to process data, whether the data in the form of numbers, letters or drawings, which functioned to help ease human work.
But how does a computer chip inside of electronic circuits that can process data in the form of numbers, letters or pictures? The answer is an electric current. This electric current flowing through the chip that forms a code that can represent anything - numbers, letters or pictures - which was created by the transistors contained in the chip. These transistors work to decide ( "off") or stream ( "on") millions of electrical pulses flowing. This binary code can be easily expressed by: digit 1 for on and 0 for off.
So the workings of a computer can simply be described as follows:
PROCESS ----> OUTPUT" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">----> ----> INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
How a computer
where the input is a set of actions in entering the data (to use the media keyboard, mouse, or call the data contained or stored in a storage media like diskettes and / or hard disk) which is then processed in a CPU (Central Processing Unit), and the results (output ) is displayed in the monitor screen or printed by a printer and a PC speaker for sound.
Modern computers typically use electricity to operate. The first American electric computer, ENIAC, built in 1946 and 5000 is only able to do operations / sec. But not being able to store data, then this machine is not considered a computer machine. Mark I machine of Manchester University is considered as the first electric machine to be able to save a set of instructions for doing the count, although the engine speed is only 800 count / sec and used only for 52 minutes on June 21, 1949. Ferranti Mark-I, the development of the Mark-I sold commercially in Europe in 1950. Physical form of the computer at that time still a big (even bigger than a closet).
Along with the development of electronic technology, now form the computer can be reduced even further, but with better capabilities than the previous generation of computers. Starting with the use and development of chips made by Intel company, starting from the chip 4-bit processor Intel-4004 with kecepataan 60,000 operations / second. In 1900 there were transistor chip. But the birth of a new microcomputer processor is marked by the transition to a 4-bit 8-bit in 1972 when trading in Intel processor Intel-8008. Orders also came to this chip. Micro-computer capability at that time was minimal and is still regarded as a kit (electronic circuits) cause its use is limited to electronic fans only. Computer time was still dominated by mainframe computers.
In 1974 when Intel launched the Intel-8080 processor, the computer began to undergo change, marked by the addresses (address) memory up to 64 kilobytes, 10 X speed of the processor before and the number of chips that support only 6 fruit only, then the microcomputer good start ogled from businesses and the community, no longer limited to just electronic fans. His ability to reach 1 MIPS (million instructions per second) or 1 million operations / sec causes microcomputer capability is equivalent to the IBM 704 mainframe computer.
Z80 processor is an Intel 8080 defeat by the development of the company Zilog, with Z-80 processor makes the microcomputer is no longer viewed as a "kit" again. Z-80 processor has a 2X speed of the Intel-8080 with a series of instructions as much as 176 fruits. With this ability, Z-80 is equivalent to the IBM mainframe computer capability-7094. The computer manufacturers generally rival IBM, which is Radio Shack, Apple, Sinclair, using a computer processor made for them. The use of DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) mempermurah also compared the use of computer prices SRAM (Static Random Access Memory). Allocation of memory usage also increased from 64 Kb to 128 Kb. But the allocation of a larger memory is not possible given the limitations of Z-80 processor itself. Only when Intel Intel processor-issued 8086 and 8088, these restrictions can be hit and even attract big players who previously stuck to the mainframe computer making it, "The Big Blue" IBM (International Bussines Machine).
IBM PC computer images when first launched in 1981IBM PC (Personal Computer) which was launched in 1981 received tremendous applause. 800,000 thousand PCs were sold that year and 2,000,000 the PC in the next year. IBM PC-XT (Extended Technology) more attractive because of its ability the same as the PDP DEC mainframe computers in 1170 (in 1975), plus the use of the first hard drive to the microcomputer of 10 MB. IBM later released a blueprint for the design to the public, which encourages making his cloning machine (artificial), commonly referred to as IBM-compatible PC. Increased sales and clone PCs, also encouraged by the growing number of computer programming for the PC, including Lotus Inc. with Lotus 123 and WordStar International Inc.. with his WordStar product.
PC usage is no longer just for personal use, but also by businesses to the concept of multi-tasking (running several software at one time as well) becomes the basis of further development, marked by the launch of the IBM PC-AT (Advanced Technology) that uses processor Intel, which has 80,286 speed operation 1.5 million / sec. This same ability mainframe computers from DEC VAX 11/780 (in 1979) that uses the UNIX operating system.
Intel 386DX When Intel introduced the Intel-80386th which has a velocity of 2 million operations / second supported by a number of more transistors (130,000 pieces in 1 chip), plus the introduction of the Windows operating system from Microsoft makes the noisy computer industry. Since then, Intel's rule-making arena of the computer processor. Rivals IBM, Compaq made of the same configuration with the IBM PC-386 (1987) but with a cheaper price and its ability is comparable to mainframe computers, VAX 8600 (made in 1984). In this year also introduced a handheld computer which then form was for luggage (two years later, spearheaded by Toshiba Inc.., Diperingkas form can be had for the book, which earned the nickname notebook).
Intel Pentium 133 processor Intel Research for 4 years which cost 300 million dollars finally succeeded when Intel launched the Intel-80486th, processor with 1 million transistors inside a super-mini. Further historical notes, when Intel took Intel P54C processor, or Pentium (and Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III and Pentium-4), supported by more and more software and its rival Intel, like AMD (Advanced Micro Devices), Cyrix, IIT , NextGen and others who also joined the computer processor to enliven their designs (before some company makes an Intel clone) makes the computer capability and its role in human life inevitably increasing. Even Alvin Tofler in one of the best-selling book was predicted, that one day, humans no longer need to work in the office but was home alone with the help of computers and networking (LAN or WAN), so that the harmonization of the modern family can be expressed again as on the traditional family is the family who gathered at the house.
From the explanation above it can be concluded that the physical form of the computer used large, expensive, called the mainframe. Mainframe computer system is a series of cabinets that fill a room lined. Then, along with advances in technology, form a smaller computer, called a mini-computer and smaller akhinya, called micro-computer or PC. The third type of computer is up to now still there, it's just been thousands of processing capabilities to millions of times faster. Example: Mainframe Cray-II (1998) of the Cray Computer Inc.. now known as the fastest supercomputer in the world, defeated the mainframe ENIAC (1946).
Modern Computer Components
A set of modern computer is physically consists of three parts namely:
Monitor
Is a tool used to see the results of the command given to the computer. Its form resembles a television because it uses a cathode tube or tube CRT (cathode Ray Tube). Even now being developed a new type monitor with LCD displays (Liquid Crystal Device) to form a thin screen. The use of LCD kelahan also seen as reducing the reflected light from the eyes of the ordinary issued by using a CRT monitor. Monitor CRT Picture tube tube CRT monitor with the ability to display color by, divided into two types namely:
1. Monochrome monitor (displaying green and white / black)
2. Color Monitor (displays many color combinations of blue, green and red, or Red Green and Blue (which is abbreviated as RGB.) Color monitor is very good if you like the color display.
Figure monitor LCD Monitor is also distinguished by the density level of resolution. The higher the level of the resolution, the display on the monitor screen will also be the better / clear. Type and type of monitor you can usually see on the monitor or the packaging of the supplied manual when we buy a computer, or from software that can detect the system configuration utility computer like Norton or PC Tools. Using the LCD monitor
Based on the density level of resolution, divided into three types, namely:
1. Monitor CGA (Color Graphics Adapter)
Only 4 colors radiate with resolution 320 x 200 pixels
2. Monitor EGA (Enhanced Graphic Adapter)
Able to emit 16 colors with a resolution of 640 x 320 pixels
3. Flat VGA (Video Graphic Adapter)
Able to emit up to millions of colors at once with the resolution 640 X 480 pixels.
In its development, more development VGA monitors to SVGA (640 X 800), XGA (1024 X 800), SXGA (1024 X 1200), UXGA (1200 X 1600). The higher level pixelnya resolution, the detail looks better (especially the display of images or graphic detail).
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
AMD Athlon CPU is the brain of the computer. This is all the input Dibagian processed. CPU is packaged in a box (chassis) as desktop-tower casing or casing. Inside is a motherboard (main circuit board) that contains the BIOS (Basic Input Output System), RAM (Random Access Memory) - the higher the capacity and type mikroprosesornya RAM, the better the computer performance used, ROM (Read Only Memory), cache, electric power supply, etc.. Illustration picture of a motherboard is the core of the CPU microprocessor. In the market, microprocessors made by Intel has been ruled for almost 90% of IBM PC type computers and kompatibelnya. Rivals such as AMD, IIT, Cyrix NextGen and generally followed the technology created by Intel. Meanwhile, Motorola processors are generally used by PC manufacturers Apple.
In this section there is also a medium for data storage such as hard disk or floppy disk. For disks, the media needed pengaksesnya called disk drives. 5'25 inch floppy disk sizes that are now no longer produced because praktisUkurannya not divided like the size of disks, which measures 3.5 inches and 5.25 inches. Capacity is also divided into Low Density (Low Density) and High Density (High Density). For disks, this information is usually written on the top left corner of disks, while for disk drives, posted at boot diskette or your computer manual, or use the aid program that displays info such hardware from the Norton System Information Utility or File Manager (Windows 3.1) / Windows Explorer (Windows 95/98/2000/ME). Other storage media such as tape backup, ZIP drive and CD-ROMs are now being socialized use. Tape back-ups themselves have long been used, available in 2 widths data storage, which is 4mm (for audio cassettes) and 8mm (for VHS tapes).
Keyboard
Keyboard (keyboard) consists of a series of buttons. On the old computer model, the number of buttons as much as 84 fruits, while the new model, the number of buttons 84 (PC), 101 or 104 keys (PC-AT) or even more. The keyboard is the media for the computer user to communicate with the computer. On some computers equipped with the latest Voice Recognition, communication can also use a special mic that captures our voice commands. But still to some extent, the existence of the keyboard can not be removed just like that.
In terms of type-connector, the keyboard divided into two types namely type AT and PS / 2. Both were developed by IBM company. Now widely used is the type PS / 2.
The keyboard consists of 4 (four) sections namely:
1. Button Type (Type Writer key)
the key to pengetikkan. Arrangement of the letters is similar to the arrangement of typewriter keys, only the difference, this button has typematic nature, meaning repetition type will do when the button is pressed continuously.
Included in this section are all the letters (Q, W, E, R, T, Y ff.) And the other buttons such as:
* Tab key: function to push the cursor into the appropriate paragraph indents
* Capslock button: function to make all the letters into capital letters (big letters). By the time you press this button, then the Capslock indicator lights located on the upper right corner of the keyboard will light up, indicating the function Capslock is active. To disable, press this button again.
* Shift key: among other functions to make the letters into capital letters (uppercase) throughout the Shift key remains pressed, while for some programs, combined with the function keys, Shift + F1 s / d F12 has a function different.
* Keys Ctrl and Alt keys: for some programs, combined with the function keys, F1 + s / d F12, with the Shift key or by letter, it will have a function different. For example in Word for Windows, Ctrl + B function to print this thick, while the WordStar, for bold print is the command is Ctrl + PB. While the key combination Alt + F in general serves to show the file menu.
* Backspace key: function to push out the cursor to the left boundary, is also used to delete a character starting from the front of the cursor position.
* Enter key function to provide confirmation to the computer to the data / commands that we type, as opposed to function Escape key (Esc), which is to cancel the order.
* Escape or Esc key to cancel the input function via the keyboard (only able to function before pressing the Enter key).
Grouping key on a computer keyboard 2. Function key (Function key)
It's right above the button type (see picture on the left), marked with the F1 to F12 keys. Each button has a different function according to the application program used. F10 key, for example, WordStar program applications, serves to store data, while at the Lotus program applications, functions to display graphs.
3. The cursor movement keys (cursor movement)
Its function is to move the cursor. Located on the right type button. Direction of the arrow button image, the function moves the cursor in the direction of the arrow. Page Up button to move the cursor onto the screen 1 and the Page Down move the cursor down 1 screen. Home button, move the cursor to move to the beginning of the line, while the End key move the cursor to the end of the line. Insert the button serves to activate or deactivate the insertion function word / phrase at the cursor position sementera Delete button serves to erase 1 character at the cursor position.
When combined use with the Ctrl key, in some programs text editor or word processor, Ctrl + PageUp functions move the cursor to the beginning of the line in the first paragraph, while Ctrl + PageDown reverse, ie move the cursor to the end of the line in the last paragraph but is still on the same page . Ctrl + Home will move the cursor to the beginning of the line on the first page, while Ctrl + End will move the cursor to the end of the line on the last page.
4. Score Board key (Numeric Keypad)
Its function is to type numbers when Num Lock key on the switch. If the Num Lock key is not enabled, the function turned into buttons to move the cursor.
Now there are also several types of keyboards with the addition of some special keys for a number of convenience facilities. Internet Keyboard for instance, is a regular keyboard with the addition of a few buttons that have functions as a short-cut in the surf. LAN-Keyboard, is a special keyboard with the addition of a few buttons that have functions as a short-cut in a computer network.
Other parts are needed as a complement in a computer system that is:
Printer (for print media)
Used to print to the paper medium of the display on the screen. In accordance with the capabilities and printing technology, printers divided into types:
a) Printer Dot Mattrix (9-pin or 24 pin)
This type of printer is the cheapest / economical in operation than other types of printers. Headnya consists of a number of hammers (pins), to form the character of the computer inputkan. Based on international standards, are now classified into 2 types of 9 pin and 24 pin. The more the number of pins, print quality is generally better. Printing speed is measured in cps or character per second.
Based on the width, the printer dot mattrix separated into 2 types namely:
1. Narrow (80 columns) or a wide size paper quarto / folio.
2. Wide-narrow (130 columns) or the size of a double-wide paper folio.
This printer has triumphed around in the 1980s and 1990s. Dot matrix printers that sold like peanuts (still in use today) is the Epson LX-800. Printer 9 pin 80 column width is then developed into LX-800 +, and now the LX-300 or LX-300 +. 24-pin version of the LQ-800 and LQ-100. But after terpuruknya exchange rate, now the price is quite expensive. For printer LX-300 +, now worth about Rp. 1,300,000 s / d 1.500.000. Khabar good, the tape is very cheap, only Rp. 45,000 (the official price of the Epson distributor in Indonesia, METRODATA), while the tape is fake (copy) a lot sold at a price of between Rp. 9000 s / d Rp. 30,000 per ribbon (depending on quality).
This printer is not expected to be used more widely because the quality is less satisfactory printing. While the types Deskjet printers are now widely used both in the company or the estate. However, this type of printer will not "die" simply because this type of printer is only one who has the ability as a typewriter, which is able to make copies when using carbon. This is usually widely used in front-office on the banks to print such transactions on savings books, gilyet, giro etc. Example:
* 9-pin: Epson LX-800 (narrow), LX-1050, LX-1070 (wide-narrow)
* 24 pin: Epson LQ-800 (narrow), LQ-1070, LQ-1170, Panasonic KXP-3360 (wide-narrow)
b) Bubble Jet Printer / Ink Jet / Deskjet
Using ink sprayed through the small holes found in headnya. Bubble Jet technology developed by Canon as a company DeskJet technology developed by Hewlett-Packard company. The more headnya holes, usually the better quality print. Able to print monochrome or color. Using Iron Transfer Paper, and even print the results can be moved to suit the way menyetrikakan of prints of the paper to your shirt.
This type of printer seems to have a better prospect than the other two types of printers, the type of dot matrix or laser. This is due to the further development by several companies such as Epson and Canon (both from Japan) and Hewlett-Packard (from USA) managed to create a DeskJet printer that prints with the same quality laser printer, both in terms of printed text and print color photos. No longer possible problem could be matched speed. Until now there deksjet type of printer speeds text 16 pages per minute (or ppm). But because the price of the ink is still expensive, even more so the price is very berfluktuatif the rupiah exchange rate against the U.S. dollas, then to Indonesian citizens bags, price is still rather expensive. There is a printer that only cost Rp. 460,000 (Epson CX-20 for example), but the price of ink (black standard) for nearly half the price of the printer. Prices for other color ink, not to mention depending on the printer model and type of ink used.
Print speed printer of this type is expressed in units of ppm (page per minutes). The greater the number of his ppm, then the printing speed even more quickly. Print quality is measured in dpi (dot per inch). The greater the dpi number of his, so printing quality was better.
Example:
* SP 210 Canon, Canon BJP-10, BJP-4000,
* Hewlett-Packard DJ 560, 600 C, Epson Stylus Color
c) Laser Jet Printer
This printer's how it works using a photocopy machine technology developed by Xerox Inc. company. Using a toner (a kind of fine powder) to print. Able to print monochrome or color depending on the toner used. This type of printer is a printer with superior print quality better than most other types of printers, but also the most expensive operating costs.
For a network of laser printers (laser printer or network printer department) can print up to 60 text pages per minute (ppm).
Printing speed is expressed in units of ppm (pages per minutes). The greater the number of his ppm, then the printing speed even faster. Print quality is measured in dpi (dot per inch). The greater the dpi number of his, so printing quality was better.
Hard disk (storage media with large capacity)
At the time IBM introduced the computer for personal use (personal computers, hereinafter abbreviated to PC) in 1981, did not include a hard disk. Storage media is the only one on the disk. Then realized needs large storage and its fixed / internal. It was only in the model PC-XT (Extended Technology), IBM includes a hard disk with a size of 10 MB. Now, along with the development of technology, hard disk capacity is now greater simpannya power, the faster, smaller and more affordable form price.
In general, hard disk type in terms of data transfer is divided into 2 types of IDE and SCSI type. Now type IDE has developed into the E-IDE ATA 66/100/133 MHz. While SCSI has developed into the SCSI-II and SCSI-III (or Ultra Wide SCSI). Since the development of a mess SCSI, hard disk type is now a widely used is the type EIDE ATA-100/133 MHz with data transfers power near or exceed SCSI type hard disk itself.
Modem (Media to connect computers to other computers)
Some forms of the modem is realized that the relationship between computers is required, with the addition of either the modem's internal model (added to the empty slot) or external the transition process / data communications can be facilitated. Modem that is now following the specifications developed by the company Hayes, United States.
Modem consists of two models of the internal modem and external modem [Note the picture on the left]. Internal modem expansion cards usually implanted in an empty expansion slot on the motherboard the computer (See picture ..!.), while an external modem is a modem connected to a separate port that is usually in the back of the computer (See picture ..!.). In the notebook, usually in the form of an external modem PCMCIA (See picture ..!.). Advantages of internal modem is no need for additional places are embedded in the computer, but he also took the power from the computer because it is periperal additional (though small in number). Therefore, the electric power supply your computer must also be high. While external modems have the advantage of Guiding indicator of a particular LED is lit in accordance with the ongoing performance of the modem, it can not be found yangg the internal modem. For example, if the LED lights for SND lit, it means the modem is sending a signal, then when the RCV LED light is lit, it means the modem is receiving the signal, and so on.
Its speed is measured in kbps (kilobytes per seconds). The higher the kbps rate it, then the modem speed is also better. Modem has now reached 56 Kbps. In the real world, not always the speed that the claims on these products can function optimally, this example also depends on the quality of telephone lines used. By using a modem, the computer can access the Internet. In addition to type the phone cable modem (RJ-45), to the Internet we can also use a modem that uses fiber-optic cable and satellite media satellite disc antenna (ISDN). Both of them do have a faster access than cable modem-type device, but both require usage fees are still quite expensive. This modem type is usually only suitable to be used by large companies.
Scanner (Media catcher image)
Example forms Example forms Scanner Scanner works almost the same as a copy machine, it's just reading the results of indirect image is brought to the paper, but channeled into a signal to the computer, which can be displayed on the screen and can then be saved to the hard disk / diskette.
Basic elements in a computer system device should ideally include both technical and non-technical.
Technical devices include:
1. Hardware (hardware) in this case is all the computer equipment itself, as described above.
2. Software (software) is the hardware support equipment containing a computer application program.
For example: DOS, Windows, Lotus 1-2-3, MS-Word, dBase, etc..
3. Brainware, is a professional staff that handles all the operational implementation.
For example: Computer Operator, Programmer, System Analyst.
G3promo.gif Non-technical device includes good management support in using and developing the computerized system, and the availability of data distribution and processing results are good and right.
As mentioned above, the computer is just an electronic device that requires an operating system. We have had many different types of supply outside the operating system. Include DOS, Microsoft Windows, OS / 2, Linux, etc. Windows NT. Which will be discussed in the following material is DOS and Microsoft Windows.
Computer derived from the word to compute the mean count. Then Computer freely translated is a tool that can be counted. About calculators actually been around since ancient times. The ancient primitive people using fingers and toes to count the number of their cattle. Then, when the number of cattle increased, they used pebbles to count. Calculation tool is known for a long time called Abacus. In mainland China this tool has been used since 5000 BC. Along with the development of human reason, then created the first mechanical calculating machines in 1642 by a French physicist named Blaise Pascal. This machine can only do addition and subtraction calculations alone. Then in 1692 the engine was completed by G. Wilhelm Von Liebnitz, a German who add multiplication and division functions.
Along with these developments, several parties and then give another definition of the computer. Robert H. Computer definite Bissmer such as
# An electronic equipment capable of doing some tasks, namely to accept input, process input, and providing processing and storing the results (output)
According to Donald H. Sanders, the computer is
# Electronic calculator that quickly, can accept input and process them in accordance with existing programs (stored program) and generate output information.
Meanwhile, according to ANSI or American National Standrad Institute, a computer is
# A data processor that can perform calculations or logic operations quickly on a large scale.
The first computers used to calculate the U.S. Population Census in 1880 was made by Dr. computer. Herman Hollerith. This invention uses a computer system perforated cards (Punch Card) so that the calculation of the census could be completed within 3 years (which was completed earlier than in 10 years when manually). For a more comprehensive explanation, read the article that became part of the book or books that discuss the history of computers.
Many experts put forward a definition of a computer. But at least, the elements of a computer is the notion that there is a computer deal is an electronic device that can work automatically, using application programs to process data, whether the data in the form of numbers, letters or drawings, which functioned to help ease human work.
But how does a computer chip inside of electronic circuits that can process data in the form of numbers, letters or pictures? The answer is an electric current. This electric current flowing through the chip that forms a code that can represent anything - numbers, letters or pictures - which was created by the transistors contained in the chip. These transistors work to decide ( "off") or stream ( "on") millions of electrical pulses flowing. This binary code can be easily expressed by: digit 1 for on and 0 for off.
So the workings of a computer can simply be described as follows:
PROCESS ----> OUTPUT" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'">----> ----> INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
How a computer
where the input is a set of actions in entering the data (to use the media keyboard, mouse, or call the data contained or stored in a storage media like diskettes and / or hard disk) which is then processed in a CPU (Central Processing Unit), and the results (output ) is displayed in the monitor screen or printed by a printer and a PC speaker for sound.
Modern computers typically use electricity to operate. The first American electric computer, ENIAC, built in 1946 and 5000 is only able to do operations / sec. But not being able to store data, then this machine is not considered a computer machine. Mark I machine of Manchester University is considered as the first electric machine to be able to save a set of instructions for doing the count, although the engine speed is only 800 count / sec and used only for 52 minutes on June 21, 1949. Ferranti Mark-I, the development of the Mark-I sold commercially in Europe in 1950. Physical form of the computer at that time still a big (even bigger than a closet).
Along with the development of electronic technology, now form the computer can be reduced even further, but with better capabilities than the previous generation of computers. Starting with the use and development of chips made by Intel company, starting from the chip 4-bit processor Intel-4004 with kecepataan 60,000 operations / second. In 1900 there were transistor chip. But the birth of a new microcomputer processor is marked by the transition to a 4-bit 8-bit in 1972 when trading in Intel processor Intel-8008. Orders also came to this chip. Micro-computer capability at that time was minimal and is still regarded as a kit (electronic circuits) cause its use is limited to electronic fans only. Computer time was still dominated by mainframe computers.
In 1974 when Intel launched the Intel-8080 processor, the computer began to undergo change, marked by the addresses (address) memory up to 64 kilobytes, 10 X speed of the processor before and the number of chips that support only 6 fruit only, then the microcomputer good start ogled from businesses and the community, no longer limited to just electronic fans. His ability to reach 1 MIPS (million instructions per second) or 1 million operations / sec causes microcomputer capability is equivalent to the IBM 704 mainframe computer.
Z80 processor is an Intel 8080 defeat by the development of the company Zilog, with Z-80 processor makes the microcomputer is no longer viewed as a "kit" again. Z-80 processor has a 2X speed of the Intel-8080 with a series of instructions as much as 176 fruits. With this ability, Z-80 is equivalent to the IBM mainframe computer capability-7094. The computer manufacturers generally rival IBM, which is Radio Shack, Apple, Sinclair, using a computer processor made for them. The use of DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) mempermurah also compared the use of computer prices SRAM (Static Random Access Memory). Allocation of memory usage also increased from 64 Kb to 128 Kb. But the allocation of a larger memory is not possible given the limitations of Z-80 processor itself. Only when Intel Intel processor-issued 8086 and 8088, these restrictions can be hit and even attract big players who previously stuck to the mainframe computer making it, "The Big Blue" IBM (International Bussines Machine).
IBM PC computer images when first launched in 1981IBM PC (Personal Computer) which was launched in 1981 received tremendous applause. 800,000 thousand PCs were sold that year and 2,000,000 the PC in the next year. IBM PC-XT (Extended Technology) more attractive because of its ability the same as the PDP DEC mainframe computers in 1170 (in 1975), plus the use of the first hard drive to the microcomputer of 10 MB. IBM later released a blueprint for the design to the public, which encourages making his cloning machine (artificial), commonly referred to as IBM-compatible PC. Increased sales and clone PCs, also encouraged by the growing number of computer programming for the PC, including Lotus Inc. with Lotus 123 and WordStar International Inc.. with his WordStar product.
PC usage is no longer just for personal use, but also by businesses to the concept of multi-tasking (running several software at one time as well) becomes the basis of further development, marked by the launch of the IBM PC-AT (Advanced Technology) that uses processor Intel, which has 80,286 speed operation 1.5 million / sec. This same ability mainframe computers from DEC VAX 11/780 (in 1979) that uses the UNIX operating system.
Intel 386DX When Intel introduced the Intel-80386th which has a velocity of 2 million operations / second supported by a number of more transistors (130,000 pieces in 1 chip), plus the introduction of the Windows operating system from Microsoft makes the noisy computer industry. Since then, Intel's rule-making arena of the computer processor. Rivals IBM, Compaq made of the same configuration with the IBM PC-386 (1987) but with a cheaper price and its ability is comparable to mainframe computers, VAX 8600 (made in 1984). In this year also introduced a handheld computer which then form was for luggage (two years later, spearheaded by Toshiba Inc.., Diperingkas form can be had for the book, which earned the nickname notebook).
Intel Pentium 133 processor Intel Research for 4 years which cost 300 million dollars finally succeeded when Intel launched the Intel-80486th, processor with 1 million transistors inside a super-mini. Further historical notes, when Intel took Intel P54C processor, or Pentium (and Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III and Pentium-4), supported by more and more software and its rival Intel, like AMD (Advanced Micro Devices), Cyrix, IIT , NextGen and others who also joined the computer processor to enliven their designs (before some company makes an Intel clone) makes the computer capability and its role in human life inevitably increasing. Even Alvin Tofler in one of the best-selling book was predicted, that one day, humans no longer need to work in the office but was home alone with the help of computers and networking (LAN or WAN), so that the harmonization of the modern family can be expressed again as on the traditional family is the family who gathered at the house.
From the explanation above it can be concluded that the physical form of the computer used large, expensive, called the mainframe. Mainframe computer system is a series of cabinets that fill a room lined. Then, along with advances in technology, form a smaller computer, called a mini-computer and smaller akhinya, called micro-computer or PC. The third type of computer is up to now still there, it's just been thousands of processing capabilities to millions of times faster. Example: Mainframe Cray-II (1998) of the Cray Computer Inc.. now known as the fastest supercomputer in the world, defeated the mainframe ENIAC (1946).
Modern Computer Components
A set of modern computer is physically consists of three parts namely:
Monitor
Is a tool used to see the results of the command given to the computer. Its form resembles a television because it uses a cathode tube or tube CRT (cathode Ray Tube). Even now being developed a new type monitor with LCD displays (Liquid Crystal Device) to form a thin screen. The use of LCD kelahan also seen as reducing the reflected light from the eyes of the ordinary issued by using a CRT monitor. Monitor CRT Picture tube tube CRT monitor with the ability to display color by, divided into two types namely:
1. Monochrome monitor (displaying green and white / black)
2. Color Monitor (displays many color combinations of blue, green and red, or Red Green and Blue (which is abbreviated as RGB.) Color monitor is very good if you like the color display.
Figure monitor LCD Monitor is also distinguished by the density level of resolution. The higher the level of the resolution, the display on the monitor screen will also be the better / clear. Type and type of monitor you can usually see on the monitor or the packaging of the supplied manual when we buy a computer, or from software that can detect the system configuration utility computer like Norton or PC Tools. Using the LCD monitor
Based on the density level of resolution, divided into three types, namely:
1. Monitor CGA (Color Graphics Adapter)
Only 4 colors radiate with resolution 320 x 200 pixels
2. Monitor EGA (Enhanced Graphic Adapter)
Able to emit 16 colors with a resolution of 640 x 320 pixels
3. Flat VGA (Video Graphic Adapter)
Able to emit up to millions of colors at once with the resolution 640 X 480 pixels.
In its development, more development VGA monitors to SVGA (640 X 800), XGA (1024 X 800), SXGA (1024 X 1200), UXGA (1200 X 1600). The higher level pixelnya resolution, the detail looks better (especially the display of images or graphic detail).
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
AMD Athlon CPU is the brain of the computer. This is all the input Dibagian processed. CPU is packaged in a box (chassis) as desktop-tower casing or casing. Inside is a motherboard (main circuit board) that contains the BIOS (Basic Input Output System), RAM (Random Access Memory) - the higher the capacity and type mikroprosesornya RAM, the better the computer performance used, ROM (Read Only Memory), cache, electric power supply, etc.. Illustration picture of a motherboard is the core of the CPU microprocessor. In the market, microprocessors made by Intel has been ruled for almost 90% of IBM PC type computers and kompatibelnya. Rivals such as AMD, IIT, Cyrix NextGen and generally followed the technology created by Intel. Meanwhile, Motorola processors are generally used by PC manufacturers Apple.
In this section there is also a medium for data storage such as hard disk or floppy disk. For disks, the media needed pengaksesnya called disk drives. 5'25 inch floppy disk sizes that are now no longer produced because praktisUkurannya not divided like the size of disks, which measures 3.5 inches and 5.25 inches. Capacity is also divided into Low Density (Low Density) and High Density (High Density). For disks, this information is usually written on the top left corner of disks, while for disk drives, posted at boot diskette or your computer manual, or use the aid program that displays info such hardware from the Norton System Information Utility or File Manager (Windows 3.1) / Windows Explorer (Windows 95/98/2000/ME). Other storage media such as tape backup, ZIP drive and CD-ROMs are now being socialized use. Tape back-ups themselves have long been used, available in 2 widths data storage, which is 4mm (for audio cassettes) and 8mm (for VHS tapes).
Keyboard
Keyboard (keyboard) consists of a series of buttons. On the old computer model, the number of buttons as much as 84 fruits, while the new model, the number of buttons 84 (PC), 101 or 104 keys (PC-AT) or even more. The keyboard is the media for the computer user to communicate with the computer. On some computers equipped with the latest Voice Recognition, communication can also use a special mic that captures our voice commands. But still to some extent, the existence of the keyboard can not be removed just like that.
In terms of type-connector, the keyboard divided into two types namely type AT and PS / 2. Both were developed by IBM company. Now widely used is the type PS / 2.
The keyboard consists of 4 (four) sections namely:
1. Button Type (Type Writer key)
the key to pengetikkan. Arrangement of the letters is similar to the arrangement of typewriter keys, only the difference, this button has typematic nature, meaning repetition type will do when the button is pressed continuously.
Included in this section are all the letters (Q, W, E, R, T, Y ff.) And the other buttons such as:
* Tab key: function to push the cursor into the appropriate paragraph indents
* Capslock button: function to make all the letters into capital letters (big letters). By the time you press this button, then the Capslock indicator lights located on the upper right corner of the keyboard will light up, indicating the function Capslock is active. To disable, press this button again.
* Shift key: among other functions to make the letters into capital letters (uppercase) throughout the Shift key remains pressed, while for some programs, combined with the function keys, Shift + F1 s / d F12 has a function different.
* Keys Ctrl and Alt keys: for some programs, combined with the function keys, F1 + s / d F12, with the Shift key or by letter, it will have a function different. For example in Word for Windows, Ctrl + B function to print this thick, while the WordStar, for bold print is the command is Ctrl + PB. While the key combination Alt + F in general serves to show the file menu.
* Backspace key: function to push out the cursor to the left boundary, is also used to delete a character starting from the front of the cursor position.
* Enter key function to provide confirmation to the computer to the data / commands that we type, as opposed to function Escape key (Esc), which is to cancel the order.
* Escape or Esc key to cancel the input function via the keyboard (only able to function before pressing the Enter key).
Grouping key on a computer keyboard 2. Function key (Function key)
It's right above the button type (see picture on the left), marked with the F1 to F12 keys. Each button has a different function according to the application program used. F10 key, for example, WordStar program applications, serves to store data, while at the Lotus program applications, functions to display graphs.
3. The cursor movement keys (cursor movement)
Its function is to move the cursor. Located on the right type button. Direction of the arrow button image, the function moves the cursor in the direction of the arrow. Page Up button to move the cursor onto the screen 1 and the Page Down move the cursor down 1 screen. Home button, move the cursor to move to the beginning of the line, while the End key move the cursor to the end of the line. Insert the button serves to activate or deactivate the insertion function word / phrase at the cursor position sementera Delete button serves to erase 1 character at the cursor position.
When combined use with the Ctrl key, in some programs text editor or word processor, Ctrl + PageUp functions move the cursor to the beginning of the line in the first paragraph, while Ctrl + PageDown reverse, ie move the cursor to the end of the line in the last paragraph but is still on the same page . Ctrl + Home will move the cursor to the beginning of the line on the first page, while Ctrl + End will move the cursor to the end of the line on the last page.
4. Score Board key (Numeric Keypad)
Its function is to type numbers when Num Lock key on the switch. If the Num Lock key is not enabled, the function turned into buttons to move the cursor.
Now there are also several types of keyboards with the addition of some special keys for a number of convenience facilities. Internet Keyboard for instance, is a regular keyboard with the addition of a few buttons that have functions as a short-cut in the surf. LAN-Keyboard, is a special keyboard with the addition of a few buttons that have functions as a short-cut in a computer network.
Other parts are needed as a complement in a computer system that is:
Printer (for print media)
Used to print to the paper medium of the display on the screen. In accordance with the capabilities and printing technology, printers divided into types:
a) Printer Dot Mattrix (9-pin or 24 pin)
This type of printer is the cheapest / economical in operation than other types of printers. Headnya consists of a number of hammers (pins), to form the character of the computer inputkan. Based on international standards, are now classified into 2 types of 9 pin and 24 pin. The more the number of pins, print quality is generally better. Printing speed is measured in cps or character per second.
Based on the width, the printer dot mattrix separated into 2 types namely:
1. Narrow (80 columns) or a wide size paper quarto / folio.
2. Wide-narrow (130 columns) or the size of a double-wide paper folio.
This printer has triumphed around in the 1980s and 1990s. Dot matrix printers that sold like peanuts (still in use today) is the Epson LX-800. Printer 9 pin 80 column width is then developed into LX-800 +, and now the LX-300 or LX-300 +. 24-pin version of the LQ-800 and LQ-100. But after terpuruknya exchange rate, now the price is quite expensive. For printer LX-300 +, now worth about Rp. 1,300,000 s / d 1.500.000. Khabar good, the tape is very cheap, only Rp. 45,000 (the official price of the Epson distributor in Indonesia, METRODATA), while the tape is fake (copy) a lot sold at a price of between Rp. 9000 s / d Rp. 30,000 per ribbon (depending on quality).
This printer is not expected to be used more widely because the quality is less satisfactory printing. While the types Deskjet printers are now widely used both in the company or the estate. However, this type of printer will not "die" simply because this type of printer is only one who has the ability as a typewriter, which is able to make copies when using carbon. This is usually widely used in front-office on the banks to print such transactions on savings books, gilyet, giro etc. Example:
* 9-pin: Epson LX-800 (narrow), LX-1050, LX-1070 (wide-narrow)
* 24 pin: Epson LQ-800 (narrow), LQ-1070, LQ-1170, Panasonic KXP-3360 (wide-narrow)
b) Bubble Jet Printer / Ink Jet / Deskjet
Using ink sprayed through the small holes found in headnya. Bubble Jet technology developed by Canon as a company DeskJet technology developed by Hewlett-Packard company. The more headnya holes, usually the better quality print. Able to print monochrome or color. Using Iron Transfer Paper, and even print the results can be moved to suit the way menyetrikakan of prints of the paper to your shirt.
This type of printer seems to have a better prospect than the other two types of printers, the type of dot matrix or laser. This is due to the further development by several companies such as Epson and Canon (both from Japan) and Hewlett-Packard (from USA) managed to create a DeskJet printer that prints with the same quality laser printer, both in terms of printed text and print color photos. No longer possible problem could be matched speed. Until now there deksjet type of printer speeds text 16 pages per minute (or ppm). But because the price of the ink is still expensive, even more so the price is very berfluktuatif the rupiah exchange rate against the U.S. dollas, then to Indonesian citizens bags, price is still rather expensive. There is a printer that only cost Rp. 460,000 (Epson CX-20 for example), but the price of ink (black standard) for nearly half the price of the printer. Prices for other color ink, not to mention depending on the printer model and type of ink used.
Print speed printer of this type is expressed in units of ppm (page per minutes). The greater the number of his ppm, then the printing speed even more quickly. Print quality is measured in dpi (dot per inch). The greater the dpi number of his, so printing quality was better.
Example:
* SP 210 Canon, Canon BJP-10, BJP-4000,
* Hewlett-Packard DJ 560, 600 C, Epson Stylus Color
c) Laser Jet Printer
This printer's how it works using a photocopy machine technology developed by Xerox Inc. company. Using a toner (a kind of fine powder) to print. Able to print monochrome or color depending on the toner used. This type of printer is a printer with superior print quality better than most other types of printers, but also the most expensive operating costs.
For a network of laser printers (laser printer or network printer department) can print up to 60 text pages per minute (ppm).
Printing speed is expressed in units of ppm (pages per minutes). The greater the number of his ppm, then the printing speed even faster. Print quality is measured in dpi (dot per inch). The greater the dpi number of his, so printing quality was better.
Hard disk (storage media with large capacity)
At the time IBM introduced the computer for personal use (personal computers, hereinafter abbreviated to PC) in 1981, did not include a hard disk. Storage media is the only one on the disk. Then realized needs large storage and its fixed / internal. It was only in the model PC-XT (Extended Technology), IBM includes a hard disk with a size of 10 MB. Now, along with the development of technology, hard disk capacity is now greater simpannya power, the faster, smaller and more affordable form price.
In general, hard disk type in terms of data transfer is divided into 2 types of IDE and SCSI type. Now type IDE has developed into the E-IDE ATA 66/100/133 MHz. While SCSI has developed into the SCSI-II and SCSI-III (or Ultra Wide SCSI). Since the development of a mess SCSI, hard disk type is now a widely used is the type EIDE ATA-100/133 MHz with data transfers power near or exceed SCSI type hard disk itself.
Modem (Media to connect computers to other computers)
Some forms of the modem is realized that the relationship between computers is required, with the addition of either the modem's internal model (added to the empty slot) or external the transition process / data communications can be facilitated. Modem that is now following the specifications developed by the company Hayes, United States.
Modem consists of two models of the internal modem and external modem [Note the picture on the left]. Internal modem expansion cards usually implanted in an empty expansion slot on the motherboard the computer (See picture ..!.), while an external modem is a modem connected to a separate port that is usually in the back of the computer (See picture ..!.). In the notebook, usually in the form of an external modem PCMCIA (See picture ..!.). Advantages of internal modem is no need for additional places are embedded in the computer, but he also took the power from the computer because it is periperal additional (though small in number). Therefore, the electric power supply your computer must also be high. While external modems have the advantage of Guiding indicator of a particular LED is lit in accordance with the ongoing performance of the modem, it can not be found yangg the internal modem. For example, if the LED lights for SND lit, it means the modem is sending a signal, then when the RCV LED light is lit, it means the modem is receiving the signal, and so on.
Its speed is measured in kbps (kilobytes per seconds). The higher the kbps rate it, then the modem speed is also better. Modem has now reached 56 Kbps. In the real world, not always the speed that the claims on these products can function optimally, this example also depends on the quality of telephone lines used. By using a modem, the computer can access the Internet. In addition to type the phone cable modem (RJ-45), to the Internet we can also use a modem that uses fiber-optic cable and satellite media satellite disc antenna (ISDN). Both of them do have a faster access than cable modem-type device, but both require usage fees are still quite expensive. This modem type is usually only suitable to be used by large companies.
Scanner (Media catcher image)
Example forms Example forms Scanner Scanner works almost the same as a copy machine, it's just reading the results of indirect image is brought to the paper, but channeled into a signal to the computer, which can be displayed on the screen and can then be saved to the hard disk / diskette.
Basic elements in a computer system device should ideally include both technical and non-technical.
Technical devices include:
1. Hardware (hardware) in this case is all the computer equipment itself, as described above.
2. Software (software) is the hardware support equipment containing a computer application program.
For example: DOS, Windows, Lotus 1-2-3, MS-Word, dBase, etc..
3. Brainware, is a professional staff that handles all the operational implementation.
For example: Computer Operator, Programmer, System Analyst.
G3promo.gif Non-technical device includes good management support in using and developing the computerized system, and the availability of data distribution and processing results are good and right.
As mentioned above, the computer is just an electronic device that requires an operating system. We have had many different types of supply outside the operating system. Include DOS, Microsoft Windows, OS / 2, Linux, etc. Windows NT. Which will be discussed in the following material is DOS and Microsoft Windows.
